“-” 连字符(hyphen)的主要使用方法有两种。这里的话,首先说下这两种主要用法,然后还有几种特殊用法我们也会介绍,最后给大家举例说明常见的错误用法。
1. 前缀
大多数用在「[前缀]和[词根]」之间,作为组合符号。英语语感里对于有无连字符虽有相应的理解,但并没有严格规定必须加连字符,所以表达同一个意思的词,有时候有“-”,有时候不加,区别基准含糊不清。这种情况下,通常按照惯例去使用,不过这些惯例随着时间也会发生变化,这样的例子笔笔皆是。
因此,不同情况下连字符的正确用法我们很难在字典中查到。不过,必须要用连字符的情况,下面有几个典型的例子。
[1] 前缀的最后的字母与词根的首字母的元音相同
例:「re-examine」、「anti-intellectual」、「ultra-advanced」、「semi-infinite」
[2] 使用频率较低的词(特别是字典上查不到的词)
例:「semi-colonial」、「non-descending」、「post-interdisciplinary」、「quasi-differentiable」
[3] 词根由大写字母开头
例:「non-Japanese」、「pseudo-Keynesian」、「inter-European」、「post-Einstein」
[4] 不加连字符容易与其他词语混淆的
例:「re-charge」(再充值)、「pre-sent」(提前发送)、「set-up」(组装成立)、「pre-occupation」(占领前)
[5] 前缀是「self-」的复合词
例:「self-appointed」、「self-explanatory」、「self-analysis」
[6] 前缀为「ill-」的词
例:「ill-founded」、「ill-conceived」、「ill-equipped」、「ill-defined」
2. 用于两个词语的连接
英語中多个单词意思合并起来成短语来使用的例字很多,为了清楚地表明这类短语的语法和语义单元的关系,连字符原则上可以用于单词之间的连结。
这一用法以下几种类型。
[形容词]
well-defined、self-evident、user-driven、mind-expanding、computer-aided、old-fashioned
[名词]
no-hitter、editor-in-chief、run-up、set-up、run-around、Irish-American、passer-by
[动词]
second-guess、double-check、window-shop、peer-review、force-feed、fine-tune
另外,还有下面的一些典型例。
(1) Next we consider the large-scale structure.
(2) The so-called L-L conjecture is investigated below.
(3) Here, the time-dependent terms have been ignored.
(4) But the situation regarding the long-range interaction is much different.
(5) This is a third-order calculation.
(6) In this case, the signal-to-noise ratio is too small.
(7) These are five-nation talks carried out biannually.
(8) They walked down the six-mile path.
(9) Under normal conditions, their scales have a light blue-green tint.
(10) These are the first- and second-order solutions.
(11) This system exhibits low-frequency pressure oscillations.
上述例文相关值得留意的几点是、以连字符连接器来的复合词在语法上是作为一个语言单位来使用的。比如形容词不能与它所修饰的名词用连字符连接起来。因此 (2)中不是「so-called-L-L」而是「so-called L-L」、(11)中「low-frequency-pressure」而不是「low-frequency pressure」
3. 其他用法
以上说的都是连字符的主要用法。除此之外,还有一些特殊用法,见下面几例:
(i) 单个字母与单词的组合
X-ray、U-turn、three-D
(ii) 数字与单词、数字与字母的组合
2-fold、10-fold、100-fold(twofold、tenfold、hundredfoldと比較せよ)
4-plex、3-D、1-dodecanol、2,3-diphosphoglycerate、pre-1920
(ii) 回避不清楚的表述
great-grandmother
(ii) 21〜99的数字通过英语单词来表示时
sixty-eight(注意eighteen、six hundred、ten thousand等等固定词语的区别)
(iii) 表示分数时
two-thirds, three-fourths
4. 常见错误例
连字符的用法相关的典型错误使用方法有以下几种。
(i) [误] We treat highly-complex structure.
理由:副词与形容词一般不用连字符连接
改正法:删除连字符。
(ii) [误] They prove a very well-known theorem.
理由:加连字符的话「very」用来修饰「well-known」整体,其实仅用「well」就可以修饰。
改正法:删除连字符。
(iii) [误] This structure is two-dimensional.
理由:这里「two-dimensional」并未放在其他名词之前做修饰。
改正法:删除连字符。
(iv) [误] This is a long term project.
理由:「long term」在「project」前,作定语。
改正法:加连字符为「long-term」。
(v) [误] These figures are up-to-date.
理由:「up-to-date」并未在名词之前。
改正法:删除连字符。
(vi) [误] The values drop-off rapidly just beyond the critical point.
理由:短语动词不应有连字符。
改正法:删除连字符。
(vii) [误] There is a sharp drop off just beyond the critical point.
理由:短语动词形成的名词应加连字符。
改正法:加连字符为「drop-off」。
化学论文中经常使用「-」的例子
- Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, nickel-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling (Suzuki和Miyaura之间(–)是短线), phosphite-mediated Cadogen cyclization
- transition-metal catalysts, chelation-assisted decarbonylative coupling
- electron-neutral, electron-donating, and electron-withdrawingsubstituents, other electron-deficient arylboranes, electron-poor guest molecules, electron-rich dienophiles
- rate-determining step, nitrogen-containing heterocycles
- non-polar solvent, non-concerted 1,2-H shifts, non-enzymatichydration, non-luminescent
- Target-oriented synthesis (TOS), diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS)
- retro-hydrocyanation, retro-aldol reaction, Diels−Alder/retro-Diels−Alder sequence (Diels和Alder之间(–)为短线)
- stereoselective late-stage incorporation, long-standing problem
- thiazole-based ligands, complex sugar-containing alcohol, boron-based reagents, a classic acylation-based (Yamaguchi) macrolactonization
- five- to nine-fold increase in σ1 affinity, more than 1000-fold less active
- palladium-catalyzed arylation, silver-catalyzed oxidative trifluoromethylation, gold(I)-catalyzed cyclization, iron-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition
- solid-phase syntheses, solution-phase methods, liquid-crystallinepolymers
- low-energy pathways, low-energy conformational models, High-Resolution NMR, High-performance liquid chromatography
- four-membered carbocycles, six-membered rings, five-memberednitrogen aromatic heterocycles
- self-assembled, thermodynamically-controlled arene addition, substrate-induced stereoselective reaction
- well-defined host–guest complexes (host和guest之间是(–)短线)
- C–O(alkyl) bond-cleavage
- yeast two-hybrid-based assay
- manganese–porphyrin complexes, copper-amide complex
- site-selective oxidations, site-specific recognition, site-specificmodifications
- atom-economy
- fine-tuning of the ligand
- by-products, co-workers
本文出自 Enago学术英语academy(日文版)
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